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A solid is a material where the atoms can not move around in the material. They can only vibrate in place, around a stable point.
The combination of a proton and an electron can be viewed as a basic, classycal model for a hydrogen atom.
The next model can represent two seperate hydrogen atoms, that can not interact with eachother because of the wall keeping them apart.
When the wall is removed and the atoms interact, a dihydrogon molecule is created.
The Coulomb forces present on the central electron can be split in two parts. The four protons pull on this electron in each direction. Because they have the same charge and are the same distance away, these forces cancel eachother. The electrons in the courners push on the central electron. These forces also cancel out, creating a net force of zero. The energy between the different particles does not cancel out. The energy between each proton and the central electron is given by -Ce^2/(d/\sqrt(2)). The energy between the central electron and the electrons in the corner is given by Ce^2/d. The energy between the electrons in the courner and the protons is given by -Ce^2/(d/\sqrt(2)) and the enrgy between the protons is given by Ce^2/d. Totaling al these values gives: 4Ce^2*(2/d-3\sqrt(2)/d).
The energy of the system is given by the form E=-1/d. This function has it’s lowest point for positive values of d, at d = 0.
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