An *ab initio* model is one built from first principles—axioms or postulates taken as fundamental—without relying on phenomenological fits. Quantum mechanics is *ab initio* because it derives all predictions from its postulates about states, operators, and evolution, and classical mechanics is too, via Newton’s laws or the principle of least action. Classical electromagnetism is likewise *ab initio*, with Maxwell’s equations and the Lorentz force law as its foundational principles.