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    Fahim2001
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    A solid is a quantum system because the behavior of its electrons and atoms is governed by quantum mechanics, not classical physics.
    • Atoms in a solid form a periodic lattice, and electrons in this lattice occupy quantized energy states.
    • Instead of discrete atomic orbitals, electrons form energy bands (valence band, conduction band).
    • The allowed and forbidden states (band gaps) explain whether a solid is a metal, semiconductor, or insulator.
    • Many solid properties — electrical conductivity, magnetism, heat capacity, superconductivity — cannot be explained without quantum mechanics.

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